thingino-dfu

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Opensource USB flash tools for DFU and Ingenic Cloner protocols

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ZIP 다운로드

- - build.yml
  - pages.yml
  - sync-usbboot.yml
- CMakeLists.txt
- tdfu_jni.c
- CMakeLists.txt
- main.c
- remote.c
- remote.h
- - mingw-w64-x86_64.cmake
- toolchain-aarch64-linux.cmake
- CMakeLists.txt
- main.c
- ws.c
- ws.h
- ADDING_HARDWARE.md
- dfu-to-sd.md
- - .gitkeep
  - .usbboot-source
- - bootstrap.c
  - core.c
  - diag.c
  - platform.c
  - platform.h
  - utils.c
- CMakeLists.txt
- build-libtdfu-android.sh
- fetch-libusb-win.sh
- CMakeLists.txt
- test_file_ops.c
- test_protocol.c
- test_verify.c
- 99-thingino-dfu.rules
- - favicon.ico
  - favicon.svg
  - firmware
  - i18n-dfu-ar.js
  - i18n-dfu-de.js
  - i18n-dfu-en.js
  - i18n-dfu-es.js
  - i18n-dfu-fr.js
  - i18n-dfu-it.js
  - i18n-dfu-ja.js
  - i18n-dfu-ko.js
  - i18n-dfu-nl.js
  - i18n-dfu-pl.js
  - i18n-dfu-pt.js
  - i18n-dfu-ru.js
  - i18n-dfu-tr.js
  - i18n-dfu-uk.js
  - i18n-dfu-zh-CN.js
  - i18n.js
  - rtl.css
  - sw.js
- - app.js
  - inject.js
  - libusb-webusb.js
  - main.js
  - remote.js
  - web_main.c
- - .gitignore
  - build-wasm.sh
  - mtd-utils-2.3.1.tar.bz2
- build.sh
- CMakeLists.txt
- index.html
- package-lock.json
- package.json
- patch-textdecoder.mjs
- vite.config.js
- - index.js
- .gitignore
- README.md
- wrangler.toml
.clang-format
.gitignore
CMakeLists.txt
LICENSE
Makefile
NOTICE
README.md
TODO.md

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// repository documentation

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> 💡 **Just want to use it?** Visit [https://webflash.thingino.com/](https://webflash.thingino.com/) — no install required.

USB flashing tool for Ingenic SoC devices (T10-T41, A1). It boots a device from its USB bootrom into U-Boot's standard USB DFU mode, then reads or writes the on-board flash. The SoC variant is auto-detected - no manual configuration needed.

## How it works

The device runs mainline (and thingino) U-Boot's `dfu` command and enumerates as a standard [USB DFU 1.1](https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/DFU_1.1.pdf) gadget. The host does two things:

1. **Bootstrap** (`-b`): USB-boots a DFU-capable SPL + U-Boot onto the device from its bootrom. The device then re-enumerates as a DFU gadget.
2. **Transfer**: lists the alt-settings (partitions named by U-Boot's `dfu_alt_info`) and uploads (reads) or downloads (writes) to them.

It's plain DFU 1.1 (no DfuSe/ST extension), so the **device side owns** the medium (SPI NOR / NAND / MMC / MTD), the DDR bring-up, and the partition layout — the host only moves bytes. That makes it portable (any DFU host works, including `dfu-util`), future-proof, and free of reverse-engineered, per-SoC flash protocols.

## Usage

```
thingino-dfu -b                              # Bootrom -> U-Boot DFU mode (auto-detect SoC)
thingino-dfu -l                              # List DFU alt-settings (partitions)
thingino-dfu --alt rootfs -w rootfs.bin      # Write a partition via DFU
thingino-dfu --alt u-boot -r uboot.bin       # Read a partition via DFU
```

The SoC is auto-detected by reading hardware ID registers from the bootrom. Use `--cpu <variant>` to override if needed.

### Options

| Option | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| `-l, --list` | List connected Ingenic USB devices (or DFU alt-settings, in DFU mode) |
| `-i, --index <n>` | Device index (default: 0) |
| `-b, --bootstrap` | Bootstrap device (bootrom -> U-Boot DFU mode) |
| `-w, --write <file>` | Write firmware to a DFU alt-setting |
| `-r, --read <file>` | Read firmware from a DFU alt-setting |
| `--alt <name/num>` | DFU alt-setting (partition) to target |
| `--cpu <variant>` | Override SoC variant (default: auto-detect) |
| `--spl <file>` / `--uboot <file>` | Use a specific SPL / U-Boot for bootstrap (skips SoC detection) |
| `--firmware-dir <dir>` | Firmware root directory (default: `./firmware`) |
| `--wait` | Wait for the device to appear before acting |
| `--host <addr>` | Connect to a remote `dfu-remote` daemon |
| `--port <n>` | Remote daemon port (default: 5050) |
| `--token <secret>` | Auth token for the remote daemon |
| `-d, --debug` | Debug output |

## Supported Platforms

| SoC | Arch | DDR | Bootstrap | Write | Read | Auto-Detect |
|-----|------|-----|-----------|-------|------|-------------|
| T10 | xburst1 | DDR2 | Tested | Tested | Tested | Yes |
| T20 | xburst1 | DDR2 | Tested | Tested | Tested | Yes |
| T21 | xburst1 | DDR2 | Tested | Tested | Tested | Yes |
| T23 | xburst1 | DDR2 | Tested | Tested | Tested | Yes |
| T30 | xburst1 | DDR2 | Tested | Tested | Tested | Yes |
| T31 | xburst1 | DDR2 | Tested | Tested | Tested | Yes |
| T31A | xburst1 | DDR3 | Tested | Tested | Tested | Yes |
| T32 | xburst1 | DDR2 | Tested | Tested | Tested | Yes |
| T40 | xburst2 | DDR2 | Tested | Tested | Tested | Yes |
| T41 | xburst2 | DDR3 | Tested | Tested | Tested | Yes |
| A1 | xburst2 | DDR3 | Tested | Tested | Tested | Yes |
| C100 | xburst1 | DDR3 | Tested | Tested | Tested | Yes |

## SoC Auto-Detection

The tool auto-detects the SoC during bootstrap: it uploads a tiny MIPS program to the device's bootrom that reads hardware ID registers (SoC ID, EFUSE sub-type) and returns the exact chip variant, which selects the right DFU-capable U-Boot.

Every sub-variant is resolved automatically - steppings, DDR2/DDR3 parts, and EFUSE sub-types are all detected, so there's no need to enumerate them and you never pick one by hand. `--cpu <variant>` is only an override.

## Build

### Linux (native)

Requires `libusb-1.0-dev`.

```
make          # native build
make arm64    # cross-compile for aarch64
```

### Windows (cross-compile from Linux)

Requires `gcc-mingw-w64-x86-64` and `p7zip-full`. Downloads libusb automatically.

```
make win64
```

### macOS

Requires `libusb` from Homebrew (`brew install libusb`).

```
make
```

### Web (WASM + WebUSB)

Requires [Emscripten](https://emscripten.org/).

```
cd web
bash build.sh
```

Output: `web/dist/`. Serve it with any HTTPS server and open in Chrome/Edge (WebUSB requires a secure context). The web flasher compiles the C library to WebAssembly and replaces libusb with a WebUSB shim, so detect, bootstrap, read, and write all run in the browser - no install required. An Advanced panel lets you supply a custom SPL + U-Boot for the bootstrap, and a Remote mode connects to a `dfu-remote` daemon.

### Android

The Android app lives in [thingino-app](https://github.com/thingino/thingino-app),
which also covers camera provisioning. This repo builds the pieces that app
needs from here:

```
ANDROID_NDK=/path/to/ndk scripts/build-libtdfu-android.sh
```

That produces `dist/libtdfu-android-<version>.tar.gz`, containing
`libtdfu_jni.so` for each ABI (the JNI bridge, libtdfu, and a statically linked
libusb) plus the `firmware/` bootstrap blobs. It is attached to every release,
and thingino-app pins a version of it. No Gradle or Android SDK is needed here,
only the NDK.

### Install

```
sudo make install                    # install to /usr/local
make install PREFIX=/opt/thingino    # custom prefix
sudo make uninstall                  # remove
```

Output binaries:
- Linux: `build/cli/thingino-dfu`, `build/dfu-remote/dfu-remote`
- ARM64: `build-aarch64/cli/thingino-dfu`
- Windows: `build-win64/cli/thingino-dfu.exe` + `libusb-1.0.dll`
- Android deps: `dist/libtdfu-android-<version>.tar.gz`
- Web: `web/dist/` (serve with any HTTPS server)

## Remote Mode

For headless setups (e.g. an Orange Pi connected to devices via USB):

1. Run `dfu-remote` on the USB host machine.
2. Use `--host <addr>` from anywhere on the network.

Protocol uses TCP port 5050. Both the daemon and client work on all platforms (Linux, macOS, Windows, Android).

## Windows Setup

Windows has no built-in driver that `libusb` (and therefore `thingino-dfu`) can claim, so you install the **WinUSB** driver with [Zadig](https://zadig.akeo.ie/). The catch: over one flash cycle the device appears as **two different USB devices** — the bootrom *before* bootstrap and the U-Boot DFU gadget *after* — and **each one needs WinUSB installed separately**. Zadig only assigns a driver to the device that's plugged in right now, so you run it twice (once per machine; Windows then remembers each).

1. If the Ingenic vendor USB driver (`libusb0.sys`) is installed, remove it first via Device Manager — it is **not** compatible with this tool.
2. **Bootrom driver.** Put the device in USB-boot mode, open Zadig (enable *Options → List All Devices* if it isn't shown), select **Ingenic USB Boot Device** (USB ID `A108:C309`) and install **WinUSB**.
3. Bootstrap into DFU mode: `thingino-dfu.exe -b`. The device disconnects and re-enumerates as a *new* USB device.
4. **DFU-gadget driver.** That new device — **USB download gadget** (USB ID `A108:4D44`) — is distinct from the bootrom, so Windows has no driver for it. Run Zadig again, select it, and install **WinUSB**.
5. Read or write: `thingino-dfu.exe -w firmware.bin` (or `-r firmware.bin`).

**Why twice:** WinUSB is bound per USB device (VID:PID), and the bootrom (`A108:C309`) and the DFU gadget (`A108:4D44`) are different devices — the driver for one does not cover the other. Skip the DFU-gadget step and bootstrap succeeds but the following read/write fails to open the device. It's a one-time setup: once both drivers are installed, a plain `thingino-dfu.exe -w firmware.bin` does bootstrap-and-write in one shot.

## Firmware

The DFU-capable SPL + U-Boot binaries USB-booted during bootstrap live under `firmware/dfu/<variant>/{tpl,spl,uboot}.bin`. They are built from [gtxaspec/u-boot](https://github.com/gtxaspec/u-boot) (the `isvp_<soc>_usbboot` defconfigs) and refreshed by the `sync-usbboot` workflow.

## Documentation

- [docs/ADDING_HARDWARE.md](docs/ADDING_HARDWARE.md) - adding support for a new SoC variant.
- [docs/dfu-to-sd.md](docs/dfu-to-sd.md) - provisioning an SD card over DFU.

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