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Python with the Semantic Web in its syntax: IRIs, RDF literals and Turtle graphs as language expressions, transpiled to plain Python

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- - claude-code-review.yml
  - claude.yml
  - publish.yml
  - tests.yml
- __init__.py
- generator.py
- run.py
- - designing-the-syntax.md
  - emission-and-semantics.md
  - how-it-is-tested.md
  - island-parsing.md
  - running-on-a-device.md
  - tooling.md
  - what-real-code-does.md
  - why.md
- - build-for-micropython.md
  - build-graphs-from-tables.md
  - debug.md
  - format.md
  - highlight-ldpy.md
  - language-server.md
  - migrate-from-rdflib.md
  - query-a-graph.md
  - run-and-import.md
  - sparql-expressions.md
  - use-vscode.md
- - api.md
  - cli.md
  - language-map.md
  - sparql-expressions.md
- - build-a-knowledge-graph.md
  - getting-started.md
  - run-on-micropython.md
  - tour.ldpy
  - tour.md
- README.md
- - error1.ldpy
  - error2.ldpy
  - error3.ldpy
- async_stmt.ldpy
- bnode_1.ldpy
- bnode_2.ldpy
- classdef.ldpy
- decorated.ldpy
- for_stmt.ldpy
- funcdef.ldpy
- if_stmt.ldpy
- instantiateBGP.ldpy
- lists.ldpy
- terms.ldpy
- while_stmt.ldpy
- - __init__.py
  - __main__.py
  - backend.py
  - hover.py
  - islanddoc.py
  - rpc.py
  - server.py
  - translate.py
- - __init__.py
  - core.py
  - errors.py
  - linemap.py
- __init__.py
- __main__.py
- backend.py
- build.py
- console.py
- debug.py
- formatter.py
- importer.py
- pygments_lexer.py
- runtime.py
- sparql.py
- - coherence.py
  - ouvert.py
- - 001-architecture-globale.md
  - 002-desambiguisation-lexicale.md
  - 003-emission-sans-hoisting.md
  - 004-semantique-prefix-base.md
  - 005-language-map.md
  - 006-strategie-tests.md
  - 007-extension-sparql.md
  - 008-runtime-et-compat-micropython.md
  - 009-artefact-evaluation.md
  - 010-jeux-de-caracteres.md
  - 011-compilation-remappee.md
  - 012-limites-revelees-par-le-corpus.md
  - 013-import-export-de-prefixes.md
  - 014-graphe-courant-ajout-retrait.md
  - 015-ilot-sparql.md
  - 016-ilot-de-motif-selection.md
  - 017-bindings-et-gabarits.md
  - 018-modificateurs-de-portee.md
  - 019-suffixe-d-appel-contexte-explicite.md
  - 020-coercition-python-rdf.md
  - 021-coloration-multi-frameworks.md
  - 022-nommage.md
  - 023-coloration-html-lexer-pygments.md
  - 024-formateur.md
  - 025-console-etat-des-declarations.md
  - 026-backend-et-cible-micropython.md
  - 027-prefixe-sans-objet-dexecution.md
  - 028-espace-des-graphes-nommes.md
  - README.md
  - TODO.md
- - 2026-09-11-session-1.md
  - 2026-09-11-session-2.md
  - 2026-09-11-session-3.md
  - 2026-09-11-session-4.md
  - README.md
- README.md
- .gitkeep
- conftest.py
- dapclient.py
- test_bench.py
- test_bindings.py
- test_build.py
- test_call_suffix.py
- test_charsets.py
- test_coercion.py
- test_console.py
- test_current_graph.py
- test_debug.py
- test_debug_stepping.py
- test_disambiguation.py
- test_docs.py
- test_docstrings.py
- test_examples.py
- test_formatter.py
- test_generator.py
- test_graphs.py
- test_hover_parts.py
- test_identity.py
- test_import_hook.py
- test_islanddoc.py
- test_islands_terms.py
- test_lexing.py
- test_linemap.py
- test_lsp_rpc.py
- test_lsp_server.py
- test_lsp_translate.py
- test_match_island.py
- test_micropython_subset.py
- test_prefix_import.py
- test_prefix_scoping.py
- test_pygments_lexer.py
- test_scope_modifiers.py
- test_semantics.py
- test_sourcemap_v3.py
- test_sparql_expr.py
- test_sparql_island.py
- test_target_micropython.py
- charsets.py
.gitignore
.readthedocs.yaml
CHANGELOG.md
CLAUDE.md
ldpyIcon.png
LICENSE.md
mkdocs.yml
OPTIMIZATION.md
pyproject.toml
README.md

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**Python, with the Semantic Web in its syntax.** IRIs, prefixed names, RDF
literals, SPARQL variables and whole graphs written in Turtle's notation are
expressions of the language — interpolated with arbitrary Python, transpiled to
plain Python, running on rdflib.

![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/linked-data-python/ldpy/main/ldpyIcon.png)

```text
@prefix sosa: <http://www.w3.org/ns/sosa/> .
@base <http://example.org/building/> .

def observation(sensor, value):
    return g{ f<sensor/{sensor}> a sosa:Sensor ;
                  sosa:madeObservation [ sosa:hasSimpleResult {value} ] }
```

The language also reads and queries, writes into a current graph, and turns
rows into triples:

```text
@prefix ex: <http://example.org/> .
@graph as kg
for @bindings in csv.DictReader(f):             # any iterable of mappings
    +{ e<http://example.org/{?id}> ex:value ?v }

for s, v in m{ ?s ex:value ?v }:                # a graph pattern, no engine
    ...
rows = s{ SELECT ?s WHERE { ?s ex:value ?v } }  # all of SPARQL, checked early
adult = e{ ?age >= 18 && BOUND(?name) }         # deferred, over bindings
```

`.ldpy` files are **transpiled to plain Python** by an *island parser*: the
Python is copied verbatim — every valid Python file is a valid ldpy file,
returned byte-identical — and only the RDF islands are parsed and rewritten.
The transpiler is ~1 500 lines with no parsing dependency and sustains
56 000–110 000 source lines/s depending on island density.

## Quick start

```text
git clone https://github.com/linked-data-python/ldpy.git
cd linked-data-python && pip install -e .       # or: pip install -e .[lsp,debug]

ldpy program.ldpy             # run a file
ldpy                          # interactive console
ldpy-lsp                      # language server (LSP, stdio)
ldpy-debug program.ldpy       # debug via the shadow .py + debugpy
```

From Python: `import ldpy; ldpy.install()` then `import yourmodule` finds
`yourmodule.ldpy` on `sys.path`.

## Documentation

Read it at **<https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/>** — start with the
home page for an overview, then:

- **Tutorials** — [first steps](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/getting-started/), then
  [build a knowledge graph](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/build-a-knowledge-graph/) from
  tabular data.
- **How-to guides** — [run & import](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/how-to/run-and-import/),
  [build graphs from tables](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/how-to/build-graphs-from-tables/),
  [read and query](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/how-to/query-a-graph/),
  [migrate from rdflib](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/how-to/migrate-from-rdflib/),
  [VS Code](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/how-to/use-vscode/), [debugging](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/how-to/debug/),
  [language server](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/how-to/language-server/),
  [highlighting](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/how-to/highlight-ldpy/).
- **Reference** — [the language](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/language/), one page
  per island family; [SPARQL expressions](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/sparql-expressions/);
  [CLI](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/cli/); [Python API](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/api/);
  [language map formats](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/language-map/).
- **Explanation** — [why](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/explanation/why/),
  [what real RDF code does](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/explanation/what-real-code-does/) (the
  corpus study that drove the language's second wave),
  [designing the syntax](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/explanation/designing-the-syntax/),
  [island parsing](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/explanation/island-parsing/),
  [emission & semantics](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/explanation/emission-and-semantics/),
  [tooling](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/explanation/tooling/),
  [how this is tested](https://linked-data-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/explanation/how-it-is-tested/).

Every `ldpy` and `python` block in the documentation is executed by the test
suite, and its assertions are the test.

## Tooling

- **VS Code extension** (`vscode-ldpy`): highlighting (TextMate + LSP semantic
  tokens), diagnostics as you type, completion/hover/definition, run and debug.
- **Language server**: dependency-free, LSP over stdio; delegates Python
  intelligence to an unmodified `pylsp` through the language map.
- **Debugging**: `.ldpy` code compiles in `.ldpy` coordinates, so `pdb` and
  `debugpy` work directly; `ldpy.build` also materialises real `.py` shadow
  files with JSON and Source Map v3 maps.
- **Highlighting anywhere else**: the package registers a Pygments lexer built
  on the language map — MkDocs, Sphinx and `pygmentize` colour `.ldpy` with no
  further setup.
- **Benchmark harness** (`bench/`): seeded random program generator and
  reproducible throughput campaigns.

## Project

- Tests: `python -m pytest tests/ -q` — byte-identity over the CPython standard
  library, golden transpilation, RDF isomorphism against rdflib as an oracle,
  LSP end to end, executable documentation.
- Licence: MIT. Author: Maxime Lefrançois (Mines Saint-Étienne).
- The 2023 ANTLR-based release (v1, PyPI 0.0.4) is preliminary work, superseded
  by this island-parsing rewrite (the `main` branch of this repository; the 2023
  code remains on the legacy gitlab.com/coswot/ldpy).

## Design records

Every non-trivial choice in this repository is written down, one file per
decision, in the [`pilotage`](https://github.com/linked-data-python/pilotage) repository. Comments and docs
cite them by identifier — `ldpy/024`, `vscode/103` — which resolves to
[`design/`](https://github.com/linked-data-python/pilotage/tree/main/design).

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