UltimateBasic

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- settings.local.json
- - package-examples.yml
  - package-linux.yml
- icon.ico
- ultimate-basic-banner.png
- ultimate_basic_128.ico
- ultimate_basic_16.ico
- ultimate_basic_256.ico
- ultimate_basic_32.ico
- ultimate_basic_48.ico
- ultimate_basic_64.ico
- .DS_Store
- array2d_demo.ub
- basic.ub
- bitmap_demo.ub
- block_demo.ub
- charset1.bin
- color_demo.ub
- countdown_demo.ub
- countdown_errors_demo.ub
- cube_demo.ub
- explicit_demo.ub
- explicit_errors_demo.ub
- features.ub
- fn_demo.ub
- function_demo.ub
- Ikari_Intro.sid
- joystick_demo.ub
- Mad_Ikari.sid
- map-multicolor.bin
- map_multicolor_demo.ub
- MAPCHAR
- mouse_demo.ub
- mux_demo.ub
- orbit_demo.ub
- parallax.ub
- parallax_demo.ub
- plasma_demo.ub
- project.proj
- raster_irq_demo.ub
- reu_bitmap_demo.ub
- sid_music_demo.ub
- simple_test.ub
- sprite_data.ub
- sprite_mux_orbit.ub
- sprite_orbit_demo.ub
- tenprint.ub
- text_scroll_demo.ub
- type_demo.ub
- typedef.ub
- wide_x_demo.ub
- - asm_listing.rs
  - ast.rs
  - codegen.rs
  - debug_output.rs
  - lexer.rs
  - mod.rs
  - parser.rs
- lib.rs
- main.rs
- integration_tests.rs
.DS_Store
.gitignore
build.rs
Cargo.lock
Cargo.toml
CLAUDE.md
LICENSE
MANUAL.md
MANUAL.pdf
README.md
whatnews.txt

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// repository documentation

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Current version: **1.5.6**

A modern BASIC-like language that compiles directly to 6502 machine code for the
**Commodore 64** and **Commodore 64 Ultimate**. It produces `.prg` files that run in
VICE or on real hardware, and can also build `.d64` disk images.

Ultimate Basic looks like classic BASIC but compiles ahead of time — no interpreter,
no line numbers required. It adds typed variables (`int`/`word`/`float`/`string`/arrays),
subroutines and functions, structured control flow, and direct, high-level access to the
C64's hardware: bitmap and block graphics, sprites, SID sound and music, raster/CIA/NMI
interrupts, REU transfers, disk I/O, CRT cartridge export, and inline 6502 assembly.

Hires bitmap drawing (`plot`, `line`, `rect`, `circle`, `paint`) picks its color from
`color pen c` — a persistent foreground color stamped into each touched cell. Multicolor
bitmap mode has its own shape commands — `mplot`, `mline`, `mrect`, and `mcircle` — where
the trailing `color` argument selects the 2-bit color source (0–3).

Sprite support includes hardware collision registers, side-effect-free software AABB
tests with `box_hit()`, and frame selection from consecutive sprite animation data.
Use `sprite_frame id, base, frame` inside an animation loop to select successive images
stored in 64-byte slots; it changes the sprite image only and does not animate or move the
sprite automatically.
Character tile maps can be embedded from self-describing `.ubmap` files, rendered as
40×25 viewports, queried and modified at runtime, in normal or multicolor text mode.
Koala Painter images can also be validated, embedded, shown in multicolor bitmap
mode, and hidden again with `koala load`, `koala show`, and `koala hide`.

## Build

```bash
cargo build --release      # binary: target/release/ub
cargo test                 # unit + integration tests
cargo install cargo-deb cargo-generate-rpm
cargo deb                    # Debian/Ubuntu package: target/debian/*.deb
cargo generate-rpm           # Fedora/RHEL package: target/generate-rpm/*.rpm
```

The Debian and RPM commands package the release binary as `/usr/bin/ub` and include
the README and manual under `/usr/share/doc/ultimate-basic`. The same packages are
also built automatically by the `linux-packages` GitHub Actions job on pushes to
`main` and can be downloaded from its workflow artifacts.

## Usage

```bash
ub build demo.ub -o demo.prg          # compile to a .prg (prints a memory map)
ub build demo.ub -v                   # also print ZP layout + hex dump
ub build demo.ub --debug              # also write .sym, .dbg and .vs symbols
ub build demo.ub --asm                # also write a readable 6502 codegen listing
ub build demo.ub --d64 disk.d64       # also build a .d64 disk image
ub build demo.ub --d64 disk.d64 --add music.prg   # embed extra files in the .d64
```

| Option | Description |
|---|---|
| `-o, --output <file>` | Output `.prg` (default: `<input>.prg`) |
| `-v, --verbose` | Print full zero-page layout and a hex dump |
| `--no-stub` | Skip the BASIC `SYS` stub (code loads at `$0801`) |
| `--debug` | Also produce KickAssembler `.sym`, C64Debugger `.dbg`, and VICE `.vs` files |
| `--asm` | Also produce a readable 6502 codegen listing as `<output>.asm` |
| `--d64 [file]` | Also produce a `.d64` (default: `<output>.d64`) |
| `--add <file>` | Add an extra file to the `.d64` (repeatable) |
| `--explicit` | Require a `:type` annotation on every `var`, `sub`-param, and `fn`-param |

With `--debug`, the compiler writes three files beside the program: an importable
KickAssembler `.sym`, a C64Debugger/RetroDebugger `.dbg`, and a VICE monitor `.vs`.
They contain the program boundaries, variables, arrays, subroutines, and BASIC labels.
The `.dbg` export currently provides address symbols but not source-line stepping data.

With `--asm`, the compiler writes a readable assembly listing beside the program. Unlike
a plain disassembly of the finished PRG, it is built from code-generation metadata and
retains UB statement comments, zero-page variable names, array/subroutine/BASIC-label
symbols, generated branch/JMP/JSR labels, instruction addresses, and emitted machine-code
bytes. Compiler-generated helper routines are included in the same listing.
The output uses KickAssembler syntax and can be assembled again. Known data regions—such
as `data`, maps, sprite/character definitions, lookup tables, SID/Koala payloads, and
`incbin` content—are emitted as `.byte` blocks instead of being mistaken for instructions.

## What's new in 1.5.6

- Added **`color pen` and multicolor shapes**. `color pen c` sets a persistent hires
  drawing color (0–15) that `plot`, `line`, `rect`, `circle`, and `paint` stamp into the
  foreground nibble of every cell they touch (the background nibble is preserved; default
  white). For multicolor bitmap mode, `mline`, `mrect`, and `mcircle` join `mplot`, each
  taking a trailing 2-bit `color` (0–3) source:

```basic
  graphics on
  gcls
  color pen 2
  circle 160, 100, 40      # red circle

graphics on multi
  gcls
  mcircle 80, 100, 40, 1   # multicolor circle
  mline 0, 0, 159, 199, 3
  ```

The multicolor shapes reuse the same Bresenham/midpoint routines as their hires
  counterparts, plotting each pixel through `mplot`.

## What's new in 1.5.5

- Added **Magic Desk CRT export**. Building with an output filename ending in
  `.crt` now writes a Commodore 64 cartridge image instead of a raw PRG:

```bash
  ub build demo.ub -o demo.crt
  ```

The cartridge uses the same banked Magic Desk layout as VisualAssembler's CRT
  export: an 8×8K type-19 image with a boot loader in bank 0 and the compiled PRG
  payload copied into RAM on startup. Existing `.prg` and `.d64` output paths are
  unchanged.
- Added integration-test coverage for the CRT packer so the cartridge header,
  bank layout, payload copy, and boot stub stay stable.

- Added **`type ... endtype` structs**. Define a fixed layout of `int` (1 byte) or
  `word` (2 bytes) fields, then allocate an array of instances with the same
  syntax as any other array:

```basic
  type TEntity
    var x:  int
    var y:  int
    var hp: word
  endtype

const N = 8
  var enemies: TEntity = array(N)   # N × 4 = 32 bytes at $C000
  enemies[0].x  = 5
  enemies[i].hp = enemies[i].hp + 1
  ```

Constant indices fold to `LDA/STA absolute`; variable indices emit a
  shift-and-add `idx * elem_size` multiplier followed by `(ptr),Y` access.
  See `examples/type_demo.ub`. Struct-typed sub/fn parameters, default field
  values, and nested struct fields are not yet implemented.
- **Count-down `for`/`loop`** with negative constant `step` now works correctly.
  Previously the exit test was unsigned-only, so `for i = 20 to 0 step -2` either
  ran zero iterations or looped forever depending on whether it wrapped past 0.
  The compiler now picks the exit-branch encoding from the sign of the constant
  `step`, and emits an extra post-increment `BCS` check that catches the 8-bit
  underflow when counting down to (or through) 0.
- A `for`/`loop` with default `step +1` where `from > to` — e.g.
  `for i = 10 to 1` — used to skip the body silently. It is now a compile-time
  error directing you to `step -1`:

```
  for-loop: from (10) > to (1) with default step +1 loops 0 times
    — use 'step -1' to count down
  ```
- Added the **`--explicit`** CLI flag. When passed to `ub build`, every `var`,
  `sub`-param, and `fn`-param declaration must carry a `:type` annotation;
  arrays and `const` are unaffected. The flag is a build-time switch, so nothing
  in the source changes to opt in or out. See `examples/explicit_demo.ub` and
  `examples/explicit_errors_demo.ub`.
- Added `examples/countdown_demo.ub` and `examples/countdown_errors_demo.ub`,
  plus new integration tests that both check the emitted branch encoding and
  run the loop on the test CPU to confirm it terminates.

## What's new in 1.5.3

- Added **multi-dimensional arrays**. Declare an array with a comma-separated
  dimension list and index it the same way; storage is row-major and the total
  size is the product of the dimensions:

```basic
  var grid = array(8, 8)     # 8×8 = 64 bytes
  grid[r, c] = 42            # row-major: base + r*8 + c
  var v = grid[r, c]
  var wm = array_word(4, 4)  # word (16-bit) elements work too
  ```

Any number of dimensions is supported, dimensions may be `const`s, all-constant
  subscripts fold to a direct address at compile time, and a single subscript into
  a multi-dimensional array is still allowed as flat/linear access.
- Fixed PETSCII string encoding of `[`, `]`, and `^`, which previously printed as
  `?`. They now emit their correct C64 codes (`$5B`, `$5D`, `$5E`) in both the
  uppercase and lowercase charset modes.
- Added `examples/array2d_demo.ub` and integration tests for multi-dimensional
  arrays and the bracket encoding.

## What's new in 1.5.2

- Added `ub build <file.ub> --asm` and `<file>.asm` codegen listings.
- Listings retain UB statement boundaries and compiler symbols instead of producing only
  a bare post-build disassembly.
- Zero-page variables and arrays are emitted as named assembler constants.
- BASIC labels, subroutines, relative branches, and generated in-program JMP/JSR targets
  receive readable labels.
- Every instruction includes its C64 address and generated machine-code bytes, making the
  output useful for inspection, debugging, optimization, and comparison with the PRG.
- Compiler helpers use descriptive `ub_helper_*` labels, while known embedded data is
  emitted with named `.byte` regions in reassemblable KickAssembler syntax.
- Added listing tests and documentation in the README, manual, CLI help, release notes,
  and compiler developer guide.

```

## Documentation

The complete language and CLI reference lives in **[MANUAL.md](MANUAL.md)** — variables and
types, operators, control flow, subroutines/functions, graphics (bitmap, double-buffered,
block), sprites, sound and SID music, interrupts, REU, disk I/O, string/math functions, and
inline assembly.

Release history is in [whatnews.txt](whatnews.txt).

## Examples

Ready-to-build demos are in [`examples/`](examples/) — bitmap and block graphics, sprite
multiplexing, plasma and orbit effects, a flicker-free double-buffered 3D cube
(`cube_demo.ub`), REU stash/fetch, SID music playback, scrollers, and more.

UltimateBasic

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