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5g-sa-core-network-testbed

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Hands-on deployment, validation, and protocol-level analysis of a 5G Standalone network using Open5GS and UERANSIM.

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5G Standalone (SA) Core Network Testbed — Open5GS + UERANSIM

Overview

This project documents the deployment, validation, and protocol-level analysis of a 5G Standalone (SA) network testbed using Open5GS as the 5G Core and UERANSIM as the simulated gNB and UE.

The work was completed as part electronics engineering course under the pep program. The testbed was operated in the testbed was operated in an ubuntu 22.04 virtual machine using virtualBox where I worked with the 5G Core, simulated RAN and UE, validated registration and PDU session establishment, and analyzed signaling and data-plane traffic using Wireshark and command-line packet-capture tools.

This repository documents my hands-on deployment, configuration understanding, validation, troubleshooting, and protocol analysis. Open5GS and UERANSIM are external open-source projects and are not redistributed as part of this repository.

---

Project Objectives

- Understand the architecture and operation of a 5G Standalone network.
- Deploy and operate a functional Open5GS 5G Core.
- Connect a simulated gNB and UE using UERANSIM.
- Validate 5G UE registration and authentication procedures.
- Establish and verify a PDU session.
- Analyze 5G control-plane and user-plane protocols.
- Validate data connectivity through the UE data tunnel.
- Use packet captures to correlate observed traffic with 5G signaling procedures.

---

System Architecture

The testbed consists of an Open5GS 5G Core and a simulated RAN/UE environment provided by UERANSIM.

5G Core — Open5GS

RAN / UE — UERANSIM

- "nr-gnb" — Simulated 5G gNB
- "nr-ue" — Simulated 5G UE
- "nr-cli" — Runtime gNB/UE monitoring
- "nr-binder" — Process binding to the UE data tunnel for connectivity testing

High-Level Architecture

5G Standalone Testbed

┌──────────────────────────────────┐
        │            UERANSIM              │
        │                                  │
        │   Simulated gNB     Simulated UE │
        │        │                  │      │
        └────────┼──────────────────┼──────┘
                 │                  │
                N2                 RRC/NAS
                 │                  │
                 ▼                  │
        ┌──────────────────────────────────┐
        │             Open5GS              │
        │                                  │
        │   AMF ── SMF ── UPF              │
        │    │      │      │               │
        │   AUSF    PCF    User Plane      │
        │    │      │                      │
        │  UDM/UDR  NRF/NSSF               │
        └──────────────────────────────────┘

---

My Contribution

As part of the practical work, I performed the following activities.

1. Testbed Environment Preparation

- Worked with the provided Ubuntu-based testbed environment.
- Prepared the virtualization environment required for the practical.
- Operated the testbed using [VirtualBox / VMware / other environment].

2. 5G Core Operation

- Started and monitored the Open5GS network functions.
- Used Linux "systemctl" and service logs to verify network-function operation.
- Observed the interaction between major 5G Core functions.

3. gNB and Core Connectivity

- Started the UERANSIM simulated gNB.
- Verified connectivity between the gNB and AMF.
- Observed the SCTP association and NGAP signaling.
- Validated the NG Setup procedure.

4. UE Registration and Authentication

Started the simulated UE and analyzed the registration procedure, including:

- PLMN search and cell selection
- RRC Setup
- Initial UE signaling
- 5G registration
- Authentication
- Security Mode procedure
- Registration Accept
- Registration Complete

5. PDU Session Establishment

- Initiated a PDU session from the simulated UE.
- Observed the interaction between AMF, SMF, and UPF.
- Verified successful PDU session establishment.
- Confirmed the UE data tunnel became active.

6. User-Plane Validation

- Used "nr-binder" to associate a network application with the UE data tunnel.
- Performed a connectivity test through the simulated UE.
- Verified user-plane packet transmission.

7. Packet Capture and Protocol Analysis

Traffic was captured and analyzed using:

- Wireshark
- "tshark"
- "tcpdump"

The analysis focused on:

- NGAP
- NR RRC
- NAS
- PFCP
- GTP
- SCTP

Wireshark packet inspection and flow analysis were used to correlate signaling messages with the corresponding 5G procedures.

---

Verified Protocol Flow

The overall signaling sequence observed during the testbed validation can be summarized as:

UE                  gNB                 AMF              SMF / UPF
│                    │                   │                   │
│                    │── NG Setup ──────>│                   │
│                    │<─ NG Setup Resp ──│                   │
│<── MIB / SIB1 ─────│                   │                   │
│── RRC Setup Req ──>│                   │                   │
│<─ RRC Setup ───────│                   │                   │
│── Registration ───>│── Initial UE ────>│                   │
│                    │                   │                   │
│<─ Authentication ──│<── NAS ───────────│                   │
│── Authentication ─>│── NAS ───────────>│                   │
│                    │                   │                   │
│<─ Security Mode ───│<── NAS ───────────│                   │
│<─ Registration ────│<── NAS ───────────│                   │
│                    │                   │                   │
│── PDU Session Req ─>│── NAS / NGAP ───>│── PFCP ──────────>│
│<─ PDU Session Accept│<─ Resource Setup ─│                   │
│                    │                   │                   │
│════════════════ UE Data Tunnel Active ══════════════════════│
│                    │                   │                   │
│═══════════════ End-to-End Data Traffic ════════════════════>│

---

Results

The testbed was evaluated at both the control-plane and user-plane levels.

Observed Results

Replace the following values with the actual results from the practical session:

The results demonstrated the operation of the simulated 5G SA network from initial signaling through user-plane connectivity.

---

Protocols and Interfaces Studied

---

Tools and Technologies

- Open5GS — 5G Core network implementation
- UERANSIM — 5G RAN and UE simulator
- Ubuntu Linux
- [VirtualBox / VMware / Other]
- Wireshark
- tshark
- tcpdump
- systemd
- Linux networking tools

---

Repository Structure

5G-SA-Core-Network-Testbed/
│
├── README.md
│
├── docs/
│   └── setup-notes.md
│
└── analysis/
    └── protocol-flow-summary.md

Directory Purpose

- "docs/" — Environment preparation and setup notes.
- "analysis/" — Protocol-flow analysis and packet-level observations.
- "README.md" — Project overview, architecture, results, and technical summary.

Additional directories such as "captures/" or "screenshots/" should only be added if actual project evidence is available and appropriate to publish.

---

What I Learned

This project provided practical exposure to:

- 5G Standalone network architecture
- Roles of major 5G Core network functions
- gNB–AMF NGAP signaling
- RRC and NAS procedures
- 5G authentication and security procedures
- PDU session establishment
- SMF–UPF interaction through PFCP
- GTP-based user-plane communication
- Linux service management and troubleshooting
- Virtualized network testbed operation
- Packet capture and protocol analysis using Wireshark

A key learning outcome was understanding how protocol-level evidence can be used to validate network behavior instead of relying only on application-level connectivity.

---

Acknowledgements

This practical work used open-source technologies including:

- "Open5GS" (https://github.com/open5gs/open5gs)
- "UERANSIM" (https://github.com/aligungr/UERANSIM)

Open5GS and UERANSIM are independent open-source projects. This repository documents my coursework-based deployment, experimentation, observations, and analysis rather than redistributing their source code.

---

Future Work

Potential extensions include:

- Multi-UE experimentation
- Additional mobility and handover scenarios
- Deeper user-plane analysis
- Further 5G Core experimentation
- Integration with MATLAB-based communication-system simulations
- Digital modulation and BER analysis
- Connecting physical-layer concepts with network-level experimentation

---

Project Context

Student: ROSHINI A
Course: PEP
Program: EEC
Domain: 5G / Wireless Communication / Networking
Project Type: Hands-on Testbed Deployment & Protocol Analysis

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